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Psychometric tests (like the SHL one) for training contract applications – free resources with 11 days left!



Psychometric tests for training contracts are extremely important. Within a week or two of submitting your application form online, your firm will send you a link to an online psychometric test (or two) for you to do strictly under exam conditions on your own. It is critical that this is your own work, and your law firm may even wish you to do a test at their main offices to verify any test result you have reported as having done by yourself.

‘Legal Recruit’ is my relatively new, innovative platform for law students to practice online verbal reasoning test skills in advance of their training contract application. It is nothing to do with BPP, although a small group of us in the student society, the BPP Legal Awareness Society, have designed it from scratch this year. Its location is here.

 

The deadline for the current set of applications is in 13 days’ time from the publication of this blogpost; that is, midnight on the evening of July 31, 2012 (i.e. before August 1, 2012).

You can attempt a full length practice test of 30 questions, requiring answers of either ‘TRUE’, ‘FALSE’ or ‘CANNOT SAY’, similar to the SHL test. You will then get a detailed report on your performance, giving an indication of the %ile in which you would fall based on our sample of 200 graduates who’ve taken the test. All you need is to supply an email that works – you can submit a fake name if you wish, and none of us are able to look up individual performance test scores.

The practice test is situated here; I do not suggest you register for a subscription at this late stage, just look at the free videos and materials on the website which will provide you with a complete explanation of the online verbal reasoning test. We should emphasise that we do not know any of the SHL questions; and the only way to practise SHL questions is to look carefully at their practice materials.

For nearly all firms, you will have to do an online verbal reasoning test within about a week of submitting your online application form. The most common suppliers of this test are SHL and Kenexa, and we hope that practise using the ‘Legal Recruit’ platform will be beneficial.

You might find these free resources useful in preparation of this test:

A factsheet of free worked examples

December 2010 free book of 150 worked examples for online verbal reasoning tests

April 2011 free book of 150 worked examples for online verbal reasoning tests

Book 1 (verbal reasoning) book sample

Book 2 (situational judgement) book sample

Background to online testing

Background to verbal reasoning tests

Background to situational judgement tests

Background to competences (the critical abilities all law firms look for)

Background to difficulties and online assessments

How to complete the online application form for training contract applications

How to write a cover letter for training contract applications

I genuinely wish you the very best of luck for your application! It’s a very important thing to do.

Practice verbal reasoning tests – blogpost 1 (biology)



You may well have to do an online verbal reasoning test (psychometric test) as part of your training contract application.

In a verbal reasoning test, you are usually provided with a passage of information and required to evaluate a set of statements by selecting one of the following possible answers:

A – True (The statement follows logically from the information or opinions contained in the passage)

B – False (The statement is logically false from the information or opinions contained in the passage)

C – Cannot Say (Cannot determine whether the statement is true or false without further information)

In the example below, give your answer to each question by clicking on either A, B or C. You will be told whether your answer is correct or not.

Passage:

Over 60 years ago, evolutionary biologist Bernhard Rensch calculated that males are typically the larger sex in big-bodied species such as humans, whereas females outdo them in small-bodied species such as spiders. Now it turns out that many plants obey Rensch’s rule too. Most plants produce both male and female sex organs, but around 7 percent are dioecious, meaning individuals are purely male or female. Recent results provide that female stems also must be large enough to display the fruit and support the animals that spread the pollen or seeds. If metabolism, predators or climate promote the evolution of smaller plants, however, males can shrink because their gametes are smaller. 

The questions might be as follows.

1. Over 80 years ago, Bernard Rensch calculated that males are typically the larger sex in big-bodied species.

CANNOT SAY – the passage says that Bernard Rensch calculated this over 60 years ago, but it is not possible to say from the passage whether he calculated this over 80 years ago.

2. Around 7% of plants are dioecious, but it is not necessary for female stems to be large enough to display the fruit.

FALSE – whilst the first part of the statement is true according to the passage, the second part of the statement is clearly false, making the entire statement false.

 

So what’s the best way to prepare for your verbal reasoning test?

You are advised to practice any available good-quality example questions, and any books you can get your hands on with similar questions, and read our advice here. If you prepare properly for your test you will have nothing to worry about. Being prepared and knowing what to expect in your verbal reasoning test will go a long way to helping you perform your best. These verbal reasoning tests used by employers in their selection process aim to measure your ability to read, comprehend and interpret written information. Verbal reasoning tests are designed to test your powers of comprehension and logic.

You will be tested on whether you jump to conclusions or you appreciate the limitations of a statement. If a passage says “it has been reported…” it does not follow that the fact is necessarily true, only that it has been reported. Another classic example is: “if the lights in a house come on, does that mean there is someone inside the building?” Not necessarily.

“If A is bigger than B, does that mean B is small?” Not necessarily. You will be tested to sort fact from inference, a lot like what’s required in a real work environment. You can therefore see why lawyers almost always have to pass a verbal reasoning test.

Through practice, you will develop your own technique for answering verbal reasoning questions to the best of your ability, however for most people the best way to approach them is to read the entire passage through once, then turn to the questions. Read the first statement and refer back to the relevant part of the passage to carefully consider if the statement is true, false, or impossible to determine without further information. It will often come down to just one or two sentences within the passage.

You should have an idea of how much time to allow yourself for each question and know when to move on. Concentration is essential, especially when every second counts.  Base your answers on only the information contained in the passage. This is crucial, and if you don’t do this you will probably get a lot of the questions wrong. Verbal reasoning tests are not tests of what you know, they are tests of how well you understand written information.

 

PASSAGE

New evidence shows that A-levels, examined in England, in a range of subjects don’t equip students with an appropriate level of mathematical skills. Also, different exam boards have recently been shown to provide varying levels of mathematical difficulty. As a result, a number of learned societies, has made recommendations for the upcoming A-level reform. SCORE (Science Community Representing Education), a collaboration of leading science organisations, publishes a new report today, Friday 27 April. This analyses the type, extent and difficulty of mathematics within the 2010 A-level exams for the three sciences. The report consider whether the type of mathematics in the examinations was suitable for progression within the subject’s field, the proportion of the examination that depended on mathematical knowledge, and the complexity of the mathematical questions. An expert claimed that these reports are extremely worrying, and we will be working hard to help improve the standard and relevance of A-levels.

Question 1. A-levels are a new exam.

CANNOT SAY. No information is given about when A-levels were first introduced in England.

QUESTION 2. This report considered mathematics in A-level examinations in Chemistry, Physics and Biology.

CANNOT SAY. The article does not specify which three sciences were studied in the report.

 

PASSAGE

Berries are good for you, that’s no secret. But can strawberries and blueberries actually keep your brain sharp in old age? A new study by researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital finds that a high intake of flavonoid rich berries, such as strawberries and blueberries, over time, can delay memory decline in older women by 2.5 years.  The research team used data from subjects from the Nurses’ Health Study who completed health and lifestyle questionnaires beginning in 1976. Findings show that increased consumption of blueberries and strawberries was associated with a slower rate of memory decline in older women. A greater intake of anthocyanidins and total flavonoids was also associated with reduced memory decline. Researchers observed that women who had higher berry intake had delayed memory decline by up to 2.5 years.

Question 3. Berries which are high in flavonoids include blueberries.

TRUE. This is indeed specified in the third sentence of the passage.

QUESTION 4. Consumption of blueberries is associated with a faster rate of memory decline in older women.

CANNOT SAY. It is not possible to make this claim, for certain, from this passage.

 

 

PASSAGE

A research team at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden has succeeded in describing the structure and function of the outermost layer of the skin – the “stratum corneum” – at a molecular level. This opens the way not only for the large-scale delivery of drugs via the skin, but also for a deeper understanding of skin diseases. The upper layer of the skin is a watertight barrier called the stratum corneum. They have now structure determined this barrier layer at a molecular level, unlocking the secrets of the skin’s perviousness. This will hopefully enable the widespread administration of drugs though the skin instead of via pills or injections, which brings several advantages; for example, it means that drugs can be delivered evenly over time instead of in doses.

Question 5. The structure and function of the ‘stratum corneum’ had never been elucidated at a molecular level.

CANNOT SAY. Whilst a research team at Karolinska Institutet has succeeded in describing these recently, the article does not state whether this is a new discovery.

Question 6. Medications through the skin will become more common.

CANNOT SAY. The article states clearly that such medications ‘will hopefully’ become available.

 

PASSAGE

A team reveals that playing an action videogame, even for a relatively short time, causes differences in brain activity and improvements in visual attention.  Previous studies have found differences in brain activity between action videogame players and non-players, but these could have been attributed to pre-existing differences in the brains of those predisposed to playing videogames and those who avoid them. This is the first time research has attributed these differences directly to playing video games. Twenty-five subjects — who had not previously played videogames — played a game for a total of 10 hours in one to two hour sessions. Subjects who played the shooter videogame and also showed the greatest improvement on the visual attention task showed significant changes in their brain activity. The remaining subjects — including those who had played the puzzle game — did not.

Question 7.  The improvements in visual attention are caused by differences in brain activity.

CANNOT SAY. No statement about causality of these processes is mentioned in this passage.

Question 8. The average length of time spent per session, for most subjects, was 5.

CANNOT SAY. It is not possible to make this statement from the information provided.

 

PASSAGE

They say you can’t teach an old dog new tricks. Fortunately, this is not always true. Our brain processes information in complex networks of nerve cells. The cells communicate and excite one another through special connections, called synapses. Young brains are capable of forming many new synapses, and they are consequently better at learning new things. That is why we acquire vital skills – walking, talking, hearing and seeing – early on in life. The adult human brain stabilises the synapses so that we can use what we have learned in childhood for the rest of our lives. Earlier research found that approximately one fifth of the synapses in the brain inhibit rather than excite other nerve-cell activity. Neuroscientists have now shown that many of these inhibitory synapses disappear if the adult brain is forced to learn new skills.  

Synapses are found in complex networks of nerve cells.

TRUE. This statement is clearly true, on the basis of information given in the first two sentences.

Approximately 80% of synapses in the human brain excite other nerve-cell activity.

CANNOT SAY. Approximately 80% of synapses – in total – either excite other nerve-cell activity, or have no effect on their nerve-cell activity.

 

(c) All original material Legal Recruit 2012. All rights reserved.

Legal Recruit is an independent initiative and nothing to do with BPP.

@legal_recruit has the right to be identified as the author of this publication. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised broadcasting, copying or re-recording (duplication) will constitute an infringement of copyright. Permission granted to reproduce for personal and educational use only. Commercial copying, hiring, lending is prohibited. No further selling of this publication is permitted without the prior consent of the author. Whilst the materials are based on real news stories which have appeared in the media, the author takes no responsibility about the accuracy of the content therein. Any misrepresentation of persons or their work is entirely unintended.

Handout for this evening's meeting on psychometric tests



In the meeting it was made very clear that ‘Legal Recruit’ is a platform with plenty of free material including factsheets, a book, a practice verbal reasoning test and videos, and is entirely independent of BPP.  Current members of the BPP Legal Awareness Society, one of the most popular societies at BPP, were pleased to learn about this initiative which had grown entirely out of the activities of students within the Society. It is not a BPP product.

In this handout (download Presentation on the online verbal reasoning test), you’ll see numerous worked examples. Try to work out for yourself, before you ‘reveal’ the answers, why the statements are either ‘true’, ‘false’ or ‘cannot say’. They are not real or actual SHL questions, but the format and style of the questions are similar to what you might see in a real online verbal reasoning test as provided by SHL on behalf of a number of legal recruitment departments. However, these questions and answers provided cannot be taken as any official training for these tests, and should be used entirely voluntarily  by students on a personal basis. They are copyright of the BPP Legal Awareness Society.

 

Answering an online verbal reasoning question: a topical example



Here is a passage for you to consider!

U.K. unemployment rose by 48,000 to 2.67 million in the three months to the end of December 2011, according to official figures published today. The unemployment rate was 8.4%, the Office for National Statistics said, the highest for 16 years. The number of young people without a job rose 22,000 to 1.04m, taking the unemployment rate for 16- to 24-year-olds to 22.2%. The number of people claiming Jobseeker’s Allowance in January increased by 6,900 to 1.6 million. While the unemployment rate is now at its highest since 1995, the number of job vacancies rose to 476,000 in the three months to January. A government minister stated that there are signs of stability. An opposition spokesman, however, suggested that today’s figures make for grim reading for the millions of squeezed families desperate for good news on the economy.

This passage would be reasonable simply as a test of verbal reasoning skills by some test providers. It does not contain overly complicated English, and has a total sentence length of 137 words. It possibly wouldn’t be used in a real assessment as it is on a political subject, and online verbal reasoning tests tend to avoid political topics. I would like it to explain the reasoning behind how a passage might be used to test verbal reasoning, however.

Have a go at getting inside the mindset of the world of verbal reasoning! Read each of the sentences, and make up your mind about one of three alternatives.

True means the statement follows logically given the information contained within the passage.?False means the statement cannot logically follow given the information contained within the passage.? Cannot Say means you are not given enough information in the passage to decide.

The key to all of these is you must consider ONLY the information given in the passage. In answering the test, you are advised not to take anything for granted, and do not make unjustified assumptions. This is critically important, especially if you do have background knowledge and/or experience of the subject matter in hand.

More than 3 million were unemployed in the UK on 31 December 2011, according to official figures published today.

FALSE. This is a direct contradiction of the sentence in the first sentence.

The total number of people currently unemployed is the highest it has been for 16 years.

CANNOT SAY. Whilst it is stated that the rate is the highest for 16 years, this does not necessarily mean that the total number of unemployed is the highest it has been for 16 years. This is a classic trap used by designers of online verbal reasoning tests, to see whether you’ve picked up on the word ‘rate’ in the passage. Furthermore, the information given in the passage is given according to the official Office for National Statistics figure, but this is not necessarily the actual figure. You should not do these tests using ‘outside knowledge’ at all. As an aside, there has been a rampant debate in the media about whether the official statistics underestimate the true level of unemployment in recent days.

LegalAware Review of the Year 2011 – Part 2 (Aug – Sep 2011), from OPEN 2012 to law degrees



Part 1 of my review of 2011 is here.

 July

As the training contract deadline was drawing to a close, I blogged about the online application form based on a meeting done by the BPP Careers Unit at Holborn. I was in the middle of studying leadership for my #MBA, so I wrote about Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” iconic speech.

I got easily bored, and discussed how Yogi Bear should be ‘legally aware’, and I even likened the training contract interview to the driving test the following month. I gave a well received presentation on the employment support allowance for my student society, whilst the full impact of the phone hacking at the ‘News of the World’ was becoming more widely known and what effect our statute law might have. This was the birth of the #Leveson inquiry which would be a dominant feature of recent months. Phone hacking was now a very active area of debate in the Houses of Commons, which was to be the case for the months which followed.

August

I became increasingly interested in the methods that legal recruiters use to select people for interview for corporate law firms. I had in my sights the ‘situational judgement test’ where applicants have to make a decision ‘what they would do’ in that particular corporate situation; I made my own version up, and so far over 100 people have taken it providing me with clear answers, surprisingly.

September

On 1 September 2011, Alex Aldridge published a thought-provoking article, “Disabled lawyers still face discrimination” in the Guardian.

I commented as follows:

I’d very much like to thank @AlexAldridgeUK for writing such a constructive and positive article on a topic, in my personal opinion, which has become somewhat of a ‘white elephant’ for law firms and legal education.

I agree that all of the firms mentioned in the article have really ‘meant it’, when it comes to widening access to disabled students in the legal profession. I am mentioned in Alex’s article above, and I tweet at @legalaware. The article generated much-needed debate, and I hope that it begins to forge a path for the future, where all stakeholders can bring their views to the table equally validly. For example, I have always found @SundeepBhatia2 very encouraging in supporting me. Sundeep is a Law Society Council member, and is extremely committed to the values of equality and diversity, in letter as well as in spirit.

Although I have now passed my LLM in international commercial law and I am about to commence my LPC in January 2011 here in London, I now run the BPP Legal Awareness Society during my MBA, a student-run society to promote the importance of law to business, and business to commercial lawyers (our news and educational videos are located at http://www.legal-aware.org). This time last year, however, I went to the http://www.open-to-you.com/ (OPEN 2011) event which was immaculately organised.

It was a great opportunity to meet face-to-face legal recruitment experts, other law students, and, most importantly, lawyers generally at Managing Associate or Partner level. I’ ll be strongly encouraging my friends at @BPPLawSchool and@BPPBusiness, where I hope to be increasingly involved in our disability strategy at a personal level. As I am physically disabled myself, I think such an event is wonderful for introducing law students to issues such as reasonable adjustments in legal recruitment, and ongoing training. There was a brilliant session on interview techniques which I loved.

I happen to believe that a much more ambitious debate needs to be had, however. Disability is not simply about law firms meeting future employees face-to-face once-a-year, which I dare suits meets requirements of all those concerned. We need a decent acknowledgement that disabled people aren’t there simply for marketing purposes; disabled citizens are potent members of society. and can indeed secure “competitive advantage” for law firms in a directly relevant area of law such as real-life application of the Equality Act 2010 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents).

Crucially, all disabled lawyers can exhibit remarkable skills in completely different areas of the entire range of corporate law specialities, such as share acquisitions or joint ventures, as indeed you’d find out if you were to attend the ‘OPEN 2012′ event. I believe that many disabled lawyers are also happy in high-street ‘social law’ in professional legal services firms offering specialist advice.

and

I couldn’t agree more with Tim’ s comment above: especially the need to ‘walk the walk’ as well as ‘talking the talk’ when it comes to inclusivity and diversity. This extends to all forms of legal recruitment, including careers fairs.

Tim is deaf as stated in his comment, and I have mildly impaired walking ability, as indeed also stated correctly in Alex’s article.

I feel intuitively that partners promoting disability in ‘top law firms’ (a term used in helenfcooke’s comment above), especially if they are not disabled themselves, could ‘do no harm’ ln listening extremely carefully to the views of people who live with disabilities.

This is, I suppose, what the people like me might call ‘face validity’ (cognitive neuropsychology was the subject of my own Ph.D., hence my somewhat late interest in psychometric tests for legal recruitment).

Ideally, I don’t feel it would be a bad thing if there were more disabled lawyers at Managing Associate or Partner level in these ‘top law firms’, anyway as I feel that there are few role models for disabled law students like me.

Furthermore, the proportion of disabled people in the general population is not altogether insignificant, so there is arguably no legitimate reason why disabled citizens should be underrepresented at senior level in such ‘top law firms’, or any law firm for that matter.

A new intake of students arrived at BPP University College. I hotfooted back from the party conference season to display my stall at Freshers Fair with Majid. During my conference, there were many interesting topics which I blogged on. Having already done pro bono work as a law student for several months by that stage, I attended a major event at the Labour Party Conference on the perils of the legal aid reforms. I concluded that the proposals did not constitute ‘justice for all‘. At some point during the year, probably inspired by two academic economists Prof Paul Krugman and Prof Joe Stiglitz, who both won the Nobel Prize in economics, that the Coalition policy was wrong and profoundly anti-Keynesian; I disagreed with Vince Cable’s interpretation of it in a blogpost I wrote on the “paradox of thrift“. I felt I had to tie in the notion of ‘economic rent’ and Ricardian economics in discussing bankers bonuses, however.

Later that month, I decided to make my own platform to help law students, particularly those with dyslexia and visual impairments, become good at the online verbal reasoning test; this is an obstacle for many law students getting even an interview for a training contract now. I wrote an introductory post on this here.

October

I became increasingly interest in how psychometric tests had managed to gain such an elevated status in legal recruitment; in fact, at one point, I reviewed the history of the situational judgement test, with a view to considering what the future holds.

On 14 October 2011, Alex Aldridge published an article in the Guardian entitled “Is the law degree an ass?”.

I commented as follows:

I really enjoyed attending this debate at UCL on Tuesday for two main reasons. Firstly, as a law student (about to study the BPP LPC in Holborn in January 2012, having successfully completed my GDL, LL.B.(Hons) and LL.M. as a mature student), I was interested to hear how academics answered the question “Do lawyers need to be scholars?’. This is particularly since I have received academic scholarships from three well-known institutions including Cambridge. Secondly, UCL is in fact where I did my own post-doc, and I have fond very memories of the place. I

I would like to thank the organisers @LexisNexis and UCL who took great care over the many delegates. I was able to sit near the front, due to my poor eyesight. I hope very much that @LexisNexis hold an event in the near future, with panel representatives including ‘real’ law students. I hope particularly @kevinpoulter will be involved as he is an experienced legal commentator who communicates well. I sat with fellow ‘legal tweeps’, @colmmu from the College of Law, and@legalacademia, a legal academic originally from Cardiff. It has been interesting for me (as @legalaware) to read the general feedback following the event, which converges on the notion that the scope for discussion about the issues was too limited, and drawn from people who were perhaps too senior. Notwithstanding these issues, I am very much looking forward to the outcome of the review to be conducted by the Legal Education and Training Review (LETR).

I have written a blogpost based on my own personal experience of this panel discussion on our ‘LegalAware’ website, the official website of the BPP Legal Awareness Society. On a positive note, Mr Bickerton explained his personal belief that the purpose of the degree is fundamentally not supposed to teach people how to be good at the law – his firm are rather looking for aptitude, interest, and a need to pursue law as a vocation. However, I found a bit alarming his relative disinterest as to what should be in the legal curriculum compared to the well-reasoned thoughts of the academics in the panel, in that the trainee recruitment of the Clifford Chance was of acceptable standards anyway. Ironically, it is perfectly possible for the Graduate Recruitment Team at Clifford Chance never to discover that you are a “scholar” if you do not meet their benchmark in their situational judgement test or verbal reasoning test. However you choose to define what a “scholar” is, most reasonable people would not define it as simply producing an arbitary mark in a psychometric test.

Personally, I found the views of Prof Richard Moorhead the most compelling. Prof Moorhead is at the University of Cardiff Law School (profile here). According to Prof Moorhead, lawyers ‘needed’ scholars, otherwise it would not be clear where the knowledge was coming from; scholars researched the key issues, and there is a key interdependence of lawyers and scholars – without scholarship, the advancement of knowledge would slow. The curriculum therefore needed to be exciting and innovating.

and

Interesting. I’ve had entirely positive experiences as a postgraduate student at BPP Law School, BPP Business School and College of Law doing my LLM, LLB(Hons) and MBA – but please bear in mind I’m bound to be happy at anything surviving a 2 month coma due in meningitis in 2007. i am also mindful of ‘advertising’ legal providers in this new ‘age’ of ‘expansion’ of legal services and legal education providers.

I did spend a lot of time at Cambridge, close to ten years in fact, as both an undergraduate and postgraduate student at Cambridge. I think @BaronessDeech is possibly being a bit tongue-in-cheek in her views about Cambridge, but I have always had a huge amount of respect for the jurisprudence FHS at Oxford.

I am now myself disabled, and I have passionate views about improving access for people like me who are visually impaired. Indeed, I have a chance to air them in the Comments section in a different article by @AlexAldridgeUK recently. I once had the enormous pleasure of meeting Prof Jim Harris. If you read his obituary, you’ll understand why,

Obituary in the Times

I didn’t study the Law Tripos at Cambridge – but I think i can understand where your impression of it as ‘stifling’ came from from my limited understanding of the organisational behaviour of faculties at Cambridge, @alienat. I think Cambridge suffers from a lot of very clever academics who don’t talk to each other when designing the Tripos, meaning that the Tripos is totally overloaded. As is usual in academic interests, they tend to be protective about representation of their own research interests in the undergraduate courses (and their examinations),
This was certainly my experience in an altogether different Tripos.

I would, however, be a bit disappointed if the Law Faculty (which does have an amazing research record, for example in criminology), were not able to input constructively into design of the law curriculum. They must however be extremely careful not to overload the curriculum (different from syllabus, by defintiion) with their suggestions, however.

Interestingly, since my comment was published, Clifford Chance have decided to discontinue their use of the Situational Judgement Test (they set exactly the same test in 2010 and 2011). I assume that this is not related to my comments above

 

LegalAware four-part series on psychometric tests: Factsheet 4 – Online tests for individuals with reading disability or visual impairments



This is the fourth (and final) factsheet in a four-part series looking at psychometric testing.

It’s really important to realise that if you have a reading disability or visual impairment, the test administrators, designers and corporate law firm are obliged to enter into both the letter and spirit of helping you. Once you have all the ‘reasonable adjustments’ successfully implemented (if and only if, rather), it is perfectly possible for you to ‘train’ to become good at these tests.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reading difficulty (dyslexia)

Dyslexia can be a legally recognised disability depending on its severity. Therefore, when applicants or candidates are being assessed, the qualified test user should have due regard to the employment provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) or Equality Act (2010); this makes it unlawful for an employer to treat a disabled person less favourably than a non-disabled person without good reason.

Discrimination is outlawed in a wide range of employment activities including selection, promotion and training. Employers have a duty to make “reasonable adjustments” to selection processes and working conditions so that disabled persons are not placed at a substantial disadvantage

The definition of the British Dyslexia Association mentions the impact dyslexia can have on other functions as well as literacy.

The BDA defines dyslexia as:

‘A combination of abilities and difficulties which affect the learning process in one or more of reading, spelling and writing. Accompanying weaknesses may be identified in areas of speed processing, short-term memory, sequencing, auditory and/or visual perception, spoken language and motor skills. It is particularly related to mastering and using written language, which may include alphabetic, numeric and musical notation.’

In selection for a training contract, an individual with dyslexia is likely to encounter difficulty with tests of verbal reasoning, spelling and functional literacy. The law requires that accommodations are made for disabled people including those with dyslexia to ensure that selection procedures do not disadvantage them. The employer is concerned with eliciting accurate information on abilities to use in making decisions.

 

The standardised nature of these tests is one of the main contributors to their effectiveness and objectivity. Arbitrary modifications to the test or administration procedure are likely to invalidate the results and render standard norm groups and score interpretations meaningless.

A common modification for individuals with dyslexia is to adjust the timing of the test. However, the amount of extra time required will depend on the way the dyslexia manifests itself, its severity, the test(s) being used and their relationship to the job requirements. Only a relevant professional can determine what is appropriate.

Whether adjustments have been made to standard test procedures or not, careful administration can help ensure that individuals with dyslexia have a fair opportunity to demonstrate their skills.

As with many disabilities, stress may exacerbate the impact of dyslexia. Therefore, a calm and understanding approach on the part of the administrator is important.

People with dyslexia may have difficulty with test instructions. This can be due to reading difficulties, or to a difficulty with short term memory and/or sequencing which is common with dyslexia.

Useful contacts

The British Dyslexia Association

Contact details here

 

National Helpline
For all dyslexia related enquiries.

Tel: 0845 251 9002

Email: helpline@bdadyslexia.org.uk

Our Helpline, staffed by volunteers, is open from 10:00a.m. until 4:00p.m. Monday to Friday, and open late on Tuesday and Wednesday from 5:00 – 7:00p.m.

 

Specialist Teacher and Accreditation Enquiries

Tel: 0845 251 9003
Email: accreditation@bdadyslexia.org.uk

 

Office and Administrative Enquiries

Tel: 0845 251 9003

Fax: 0845 251 9005.

Postal Address:
Unit 8 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane, Bracknell, RG12 7BW.

Email

Equality and Human Rights Commission

Our Helpline

England: 0845 604 6610
Textphone: 0845 604 6620
Email: englandhelpline@equalityhumanrights.com

Scotland: 0845 604 5510 
Textphone: 0845 604 5520
Email: scotlandhelpline@equalityhumanrights.com

Wales: 0845 604 8810
Textphone: 0845 604 8820
Email: waleshelpline@equalityhumanrights.com

 

Visual impairments and the law

A person who is registered or certified blind or partially sighted is automatically regarded as disabled under the Disability Discrimination Act (1995). However, even without registration, it is likely that a person with significantly limited vision which is not easily corrected using glasses or contact lenses will be considered disabled under the provisions of the Act.

The DDA makes it unlawful for an employer to treat a disabled person less favourably than a non-disabled person and those who provide services must make them accessible to clients with disabilities. When tests are being used in connection with employment (e.g. in making selection decisions) employers have a duty to make reasonable adjustments so that disabled persons are not placed at a substantial disadvantage.

Disabled individuals have the right to expect the same quality of service, including accuracy of diagnostics and assessment as other users of the service.

About visual impairments

Visual impairment covers a wide range of conditions.

Even a person who is registered blind may have some residual vision, e.g. the ability to discern light from dark or even quite good acuity within a severely limited field of vision.

 

 

Partial sight also covers many different types of conditions. These can range from very blurred vision to loss of some areas of the field of vision. For some people the act of focusing can be difficult, this can mean that reading difficult, as it is necessary to constantly refocus on the next portion of text.

A visual impairment may occur alone or in combination with other conditions.

Some people are born with visual impairments or have lived with the disability for a long time and have been taught or developed their own strategies for coping with both the practical difficulties of living and dealing with information usually presented in text form. For those with more residual vision, texts are typically accessed using large print and/or various magnification and lighting aids. Aids can include powerful spectacle lenses, free-standing magnifiers placed on top of a text, often with an integral light source.

 

Impact on testing

Any task where materials are presented visually, whether on paper, computer screen or as objects to be manipulated, will cause difficulty for a visually impaired person. This will include the vast majority of psychometric tests.

In order to assess a person with a visual disability, it is likely to be necessary to

  • make adjustments to standardised test administration procedures, use alternate
  • forms of materials, or both. However, such changes to a test cannot be made without affecting its reliability and validity.

The standardised nature of psychometric tests is one of the main contributors to their effectiveness and objectivity, and arbitrary modifications to the test or administration procedure are likely to invalidate the results and render standard norm groups and score interpretations meaningless. Some test takers may want to bring along some special equipment or ask for specific lighting conditions.

Practical advice during the testing session

Whether adjustments have been made to standard test procedures or not, careful administration can help ensure that the test results for someone with a visual impairment remain valid.

  • A calm and understanding approach on the part of the administrator is important.
  • If test administration times are greatly extended consider whether breaks are needed to prevent you / the candidate from becoming overtired.
  • Make a note any adjustments made, or any other non-standard occurrences.
  • If further advice is required in interpreting the results, make sure you consultant the recruiter from your corporate law firm, who may wish to contact the test publisher or consult with a Chartered Psychologist with expertise in visual impairment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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